Cannabis Compound Database: Showing Compound Card for Proline (CDB000105)

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Identification Taxonomy Ontology Physical properties Spectra Protein target Pathways Concentrations Links References enzymes (26)transporters (15) Show 68 proteins XML

Record Information

Version

1.0

Created at

2020-03-18 23:24:57 UTC

Updated at

2022-12-13 23:36:22 UTC

CannabisDB ID

CDB000105

Secondary Accession Numbers

Not Available

Cannabis Compound Identification

Common Name

Proline

Description

Proline or L-proline abbreviated Pro or is one of the twenty amino acids used in living organisms as the building blocks of proteins. Proline is sometimes called an imino acid, although the IUPAC definition of an imine requires a carbon-nitrogen double bond. Proline is a non-essential amino acid that is largely synthesized from glutamic acid. While proline biosynthetic pathways exist from eubacteria to eukaryotes, in the most prevalent pathway, proline is cyclized from glutamate. First glutamate is phosphorylated to gamma-glutamyl phosphate by gamma-glutamyl kinase, then second, reduced to gamma-glutamyl semialdehyde by gamma-glutamyl phosphate reductase, then third, cyclized spontaneously to delta(1)-pyrroline-5-carboxylate and fourth, reduced to proline by delta(1)-pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase. In higher plants and animals, the first two steps are catalysed by a bi-functional delta(1) -pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthase. Alternative pathways of proline formation use the initial steps of the arginine biosynthetic pathway to ornithine, which can be converted to delta(1)-pyrroline-5-carboxylate by ornithine aminotransferase and then reduced to proline or converted directly to proline by ornithine cyclodeaminase (PMID: 25367752 ). Proline is an essential component of collagen and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons. L-proline has acted as a weak agonist of the glycine receptor and of both NMDA and non-NMDA ionotropic glutamate receptors (PMID:1349155 ). It is a potential endogenous excitotoxin/neurotoxin, which causes damage to nerve cells and nerve tissues. Proline, when injected into the brains of rats, non-selectively destroyed pyramidal and granule cells (PMID: 3409032 ) suggesting that it can act as a neurotoxin. Proline can also be a metabotoxin which is an endogenously produced metabolite that causes adverse health effects at chronically high levels. At least five inborn errors of metabolism, including hyperprolinemia type I, hyperprolinemia type II, iminoglycinuria, prolinemia type II, and pyruvate carboxylase deficiency are associated with chronically high levels of proline (PMID: 18806117 ). While most people with hyperprolinemia type I often do not show any symptoms despite proline blood levels being between 3 and 10 times the normal level, some individuals have seizures, intellectual disability, or other neurological or psychiatric problems. Hyperprolinemia type II patients have proline blood levels between 10 and 15 times higher than normal, and high levels of a related compound called pyrroline-5-carboxylate. While Hyperprolinemia type II patients have signs and symptoms that vary in severity, they are more likely than type I patients to have seizures or intellectual disability. Hyperprolinemia I and II are caused by deficiencies in the enzymatic activities of proline dehydrogenase and Delta-1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase, respectively. Proline is also found in Cannabis plants (PMID: 6991645 ).

Structure

MOL SDF PDB SMILES InChI

Synonyms

Value	Source
(-)-(S)-Proline	ChEBI
(-)-2-Pyrrolidinecarboxylic acid	ChEBI
(-)-Proline	ChEBI
(2S)-Pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid	ChEBI
(S)-2-Carboxypyrrolidine	ChEBI
(S)-2-Pyrrolidinecarboxylic acid	ChEBI
(S)-Pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid	ChEBI
2-Pyrrolidinecarboxylic acid	ChEBI
L-(-)-Proline	ChEBI
L-alpha-Pyrrolidinecarboxylic acid	ChEBI
L-Prolin	ChEBI
L-Pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid	ChEBI
P	ChEBI
Prolina	ChEBI
PROLINE	ChEBI
Prolinum	ChEBI
(-)-2-Pyrrolidinecarboxylate	Generator
(2S)-Pyrrolidine-2-carboxylate	Generator
(S)-2-Pyrrolidinecarboxylate	Generator
(S)-Pyrrolidine-2-carboxylate	Generator
2-Pyrrolidinecarboxylate	Generator
L-a-Pyrrolidinecarboxylate	Generator
L-a-Pyrrolidinecarboxylic acid	Generator
L-alpha-Pyrrolidinecarboxylate	Generator
L-Α-pyrrolidinecarboxylate	Generator
L-Α-pyrrolidinecarboxylic acid	Generator
L-Pyrrolidine-2-carboxylate	Generator
(S)-(-)-Proline	HMDB
(S)-(-)-Pyrrolidine-2-carboxylate	HMDB
(S)-(-)-Pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid	HMDB
(S)-2-Pyrralidinecarboxylate	HMDB
(S)-2-Pyrralidinecarboxylic acid	HMDB
(S)-Proline	HMDB
L Proline	HMDB

Chemical Formula

C₅H₉NO₂

Average Molecular Weight

115.13

Monoisotopic Molecular Weight

115.0633

IUPAC Name

(2S)-pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid

Traditional Name

L-proline

CAS Registry Number

147-85-3

SMILES

OC(=O)[C@@H]1CCCN1

InChI Identifier

InChI=1S/C5H9NO2/c7-5(8)4-2-1-3-6-4/h4,6H,1-3H2,(H,7,8)/t4-/m0/s1

InChI Key

ONIBWKKTOPOVIA-BYPYZUCNSA-N

Chemical Taxonomy

Description

Belongs to the class of organic compounds known as proline and derivatives. Proline and derivatives are compounds containing proline or a derivative thereof resulting from reaction of proline at the amino group or the carboxy group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of glycine by a heteroatom.

Kingdom

Organic compounds

Super Class

Organic acids and derivatives

Class

Carboxylic acids and derivatives

Sub Class

Amino acids, peptides, and analogues

Direct Parent

Proline and derivatives

Alternative Parents

Substituents

Proline or derivatives
Alpha-amino acid
L-alpha-amino acid
Pyrrolidine carboxylic acid
Pyrrolidine carboxylic acid or derivatives
Pyrrolidine
Amino acid
Carboxylic acid
Secondary aliphatic amine
Monocarboxylic acid or derivatives
Secondary amine
Organoheterocyclic compound
Azacycle
Organic oxygen compound
Organooxygen compound
Organonitrogen compound
Amine
Organopnictogen compound
Organic oxide
Carbonyl group
Organic nitrogen compound
Hydrocarbon derivative
Aliphatic heteromonocyclic compound

Molecular Framework

Aliphatic heteromonocyclic compounds

External Descriptors

proteinogenic amino acid (CHEBI:17203 )
L-alpha-amino acid (CHEBI:17203 )
proline (CHEBI:17203 )
glutamine family amino acid (CHEBI:17203 )
Common amino acids (C00148 )

Ontology

Hemodialysis

Disposition

Route of exposure:

Enteral:

Ingestion

Source:

Biological:

Animal

Plant:

Biological location:

Role

Indirect biological role:

Environmental role:

Environmental contaminant

Industrial application:

Food and nutrition:

Nutritional supplement

Pharmaceutical industry:

Pharmaceutical

Biological role:

Physical Properties

State

Solid

Experimental Properties

Property	Value	Reference
Melting Point	221 °C	Not Available
Boiling Point	Not Available	Not Available
Water Solubility	162 mg/mL	Not Available
logP	-2.54	HANSCH,C ET AL. (1995)

Predicted Properties

Property	Value	Source
logP	-2.7	ALOGPS
logP	-2.6	ChemAxon
logS	0.5	ALOGPS
pKa (Strongest Acidic)	1.94	ChemAxon
pKa (Strongest Basic)	11.33	ChemAxon
Physiological Charge	0	ChemAxon
Hydrogen Acceptor Count	3	ChemAxon
Hydrogen Donor Count	2	ChemAxon
Polar Surface Area	49.33 Å²	ChemAxon
Rotatable Bond Count	1	ChemAxon
Refractivity	28.06 m³·mol⁻¹	ChemAxon
Polarizability	11.5 Å³	ChemAxon
Number of Rings	1	ChemAxon
Bioavailability	Yes	ChemAxon
Rule of Five	Yes	ChemAxon
Ghose Filter	No	ChemAxon
Veber's Rule	No	ChemAxon
MDDR-like Rule	No	ChemAxon

Spectra

EI-MS/GC-MS

Type	Description	Splash Key	View
GC-MS	Proline, 2 TMS, GC-MS Spectrum	splash10-0006-0910000000-a9127c0e370afb80259b	Spectrum
GC-MS	Proline, 2 TMS, GC-MS Spectrum	splash10-000f-0910000000-3195f21e625520d51316	Spectrum
GC-MS	Proline, non-derivatized, GC-MS Spectrum	splash10-0006-0900000000-119af746c347969e8ae7	Spectrum
GC-MS	Proline, 2 TMS, GC-MS Spectrum	splash10-006x-8900000000-b31beabb1ed6235e7145	Spectrum
GC-MS	Proline, 1 TMS, GC-MS Spectrum	splash10-00di-9100000000-c1c67bc521741ee891cb	Spectrum
GC-MS	Proline, 2 TMS, GC-MS Spectrum	splash10-0006-1900000000-84e6fb318323fd0261b1	Spectrum
GC-MS	Proline, 1 TMS, GC-MS Spectrum	splash10-00xs-8910000000-74b0c34ca5fd7c85f1d9	Spectrum
GC-MS	Proline, non-derivatized, GC-MS Spectrum	splash10-00fu-9000000000-716c3d01b301162863b6	Spectrum
GC-MS	Proline, non-derivatized, GC-MS Spectrum	splash10-0006-0900000000-0d7354201ed866c87b13	Spectrum
GC-MS	Proline, non-derivatized, GC-MS Spectrum	splash10-0006-0910000000-a9127c0e370afb80259b	Spectrum
GC-MS	Proline, non-derivatized, GC-MS Spectrum	splash10-000f-0910000000-3195f21e625520d51316	Spectrum
GC-MS	Proline, non-derivatized, GC-MS Spectrum	splash10-0006-0900000000-119af746c347969e8ae7	Spectrum
GC-MS	Proline, non-derivatized, GC-MS Spectrum	splash10-001i-1920000000-09006ee4e7a137d8a45a	Spectrum
GC-MS	Proline, non-derivatized, GC-MS Spectrum	splash10-006x-8900000000-b31beabb1ed6235e7145	Spectrum
GC-MS	Proline, non-derivatized, GC-MS Spectrum	splash10-0006-1900000000-84e6fb318323fd0261b1	Spectrum
GC-MS	Proline, non-derivatized, GC-MS Spectrum	splash10-00xs-8910000000-74b0c34ca5fd7c85f1d9	Spectrum
GC-MS	Proline, non-derivatized, GC-MS Spectrum	splash10-00di-9100000000-c1c67bc521741ee891cb	Spectrum
Predicted GC-MS	Proline, non-derivatized, Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - 70eV, Positive	splash10-00fu-9000000000-d203e3dfb0701403a75b	Spectrum
Predicted GC-MS	Proline, 1 TMS, Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - 70eV, Positive	splash10-00di-9000000000-56471980a375d26046ca	Spectrum
Predicted GC-MS	Proline, non-derivatized, Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - 70eV, Positive	Not Available	Spectrum
Predicted GC-MS	Proline, TMS_1_2, Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - 70eV, Positive	Not Available	Spectrum
Predicted GC-MS	Proline, TBDMS_1_1, Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - 70eV, Positive	Not Available	Spectrum
Predicted GC-MS	Proline, TBDMS_1_2, Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - 70eV, Positive	Not Available	Spectrum

MS/MS

Type	Description	Splash Key	View
MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Quattro_QQQ 10V, Positive (Annotated)	splash10-00xr-9600000000-ba51a901e786b1a4663e	2012-07-24	View Spectrum
MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Quattro_QQQ 25V, Positive (Annotated)	splash10-00di-9000000000-f72e2f3812225708fc56	2012-07-24	View Spectrum
MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Quattro_QQQ 40V, Positive (Annotated)	splash10-00di-9000000000-59887da6580f63bcc1c5	2012-07-24	View Spectrum
MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - EI-B (HITACHI M-80) , Positive	splash10-00fu-9000000000-c69dcaf7cb2d1e9d285e	2012-08-31	View Spectrum
MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , Positive	splash10-014i-0930000000-984f9a23ebfe28f95017	2012-08-31	View Spectrum
MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , Positive	splash10-014i-9000000000-f75575cac28a54aa923d	2012-08-31	View Spectrum
MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , Positive	splash10-00di-9000000000-221cfb8c82f3df76eb51	2012-08-31	View Spectrum
MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , Positive	splash10-014i-0900000000-e5741fd9870218d57caf	2012-08-31	View Spectrum
MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , Positive	splash10-014i-0900000000-6bc9b4e775be37fa18d9	2012-08-31	View Spectrum
MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , Positive	splash10-014i-9000000000-a8eb419b26655a6a1dab	2012-08-31	View Spectrum
MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , Positive	splash10-00di-9000000000-873ee03b61d1ffcae70f	2012-08-31	View Spectrum
MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , Positive	splash10-014i-0900000000-61d583960651669fb9e6	2012-08-31	View Spectrum
MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 10V, Negative	splash10-03di-0900000000-2c23774af5f6a0c217d5	2012-08-31	View Spectrum
MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 20V, Negative	splash10-03di-0900000000-d89c1e626ef24a79c89f	2012-08-31	View Spectrum
MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 30V, Negative	splash10-03di-1900000000-fc27094f2eb75e65b438	2012-08-31	View Spectrum
MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 10V, Positive	splash10-014i-1900000000-3221c23504b8847abf8d	2012-08-31	View Spectrum
MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 20V, Positive	splash10-00di-9100000000-8169367f5127c57fae12	2012-08-31	View Spectrum
MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 30V, Positive	splash10-00di-9000000000-f704eb8402fcacfccd18	2012-08-31	View Spectrum
MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 40V, Positive	splash10-00di-9000000000-ccd74eea36efab2cbab8	2012-08-31	View Spectrum
MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 50V, Positive	splash10-00di-9000000000-9f214692cd39a6581813	2012-08-31	View Spectrum
MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - CE-ESI-TOF (CE-system connected to 6210 Time-of-Flight MS, Agilent) , Positive	splash10-014i-0900000000-ef038c77922e4c89eeb0	2012-08-31	View Spectrum
MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QTOF (UPLC Q-Tof Premier, Waters) , Positive	splash10-00di-9400000000-4073ea1df57a60b36d69	2012-08-31	View Spectrum
MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QTOF (UPLC Q-Tof Premier, Waters) 30V, Positive	splash10-00di-9000000000-495fdbd2f565bd794632	2012-08-31	View Spectrum
MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QTOF (UPLC Q-Tof Premier, Waters) , Negative	splash10-03di-0900000000-e1d0a4b20419dc7bae92	2012-08-31	View Spectrum
Predicted MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Positive	splash10-014i-6900000000-eba8ceb2a71d2726acd0	2016-09-12	View Spectrum

NMR

Type	Description	View
1D NMR	¹H NMR Spectrum (1D, 600 MHz, H₂O, experimental)	Spectrum
1D NMR	¹³C NMR Spectrum (1D, 125 MHz, H₂O, experimental)	Spectrum
1D NMR	¹H NMR Spectrum (1D, D₂O, experimental)	Spectrum
1D NMR	¹H NMR Spectrum (1D, 100 MHz, D₂O, predicted)	Spectrum
1D NMR	¹³C NMR Spectrum (1D, 100 MHz, D₂O, predicted)	Spectrum
1D NMR	¹H NMR Spectrum (1D, 1000 MHz, D₂O, predicted)	Spectrum
1D NMR	¹³C NMR Spectrum (1D, 1000 MHz, D₂O, predicted)	Spectrum
1D NMR	¹H NMR Spectrum (1D, 200 MHz, D₂O, predicted)	Spectrum
1D NMR	¹³C NMR Spectrum (1D, 200 MHz, D₂O, predicted)	Spectrum
1D NMR	¹H NMR Spectrum (1D, 300 MHz, D₂O, predicted)	Spectrum
1D NMR	¹³C NMR Spectrum (1D, 300 MHz, D₂O, predicted)	Spectrum
1D NMR	¹H NMR Spectrum (1D, 400 MHz, D₂O, predicted)	Spectrum
1D NMR	¹³C NMR Spectrum (1D, 400 MHz, D₂O, predicted)	Spectrum
1D NMR	¹H NMR Spectrum (1D, 500 MHz, D₂O, predicted)	Spectrum
1D NMR	¹³C NMR Spectrum (1D, 500 MHz, D₂O, predicted)	Spectrum
1D NMR	¹H NMR Spectrum (1D, 600 MHz, D₂O, predicted)	Spectrum
1D NMR	¹³C NMR Spectrum (1D, 600 MHz, D₂O, predicted)	Spectrum
1D NMR	¹H NMR Spectrum (1D, 700 MHz, D₂O, predicted)	Spectrum
1D NMR	¹³C NMR Spectrum (1D, 700 MHz, D₂O, predicted)	Spectrum
1D NMR	¹H NMR Spectrum (1D, 800 MHz, D₂O, predicted)	Spectrum
1D NMR	¹³C NMR Spectrum (1D, 800 MHz, D₂O, predicted)	Spectrum
1D NMR	¹H NMR Spectrum (1D, 900 MHz, D₂O, predicted)	Spectrum
1D NMR	¹³C NMR Spectrum (1D, 900 MHz, D₂O, predicted)	Spectrum
1D NMR	¹³C NMR Spectrum (1D, 400 MHz, H₂O, experimental)	Spectrum
2D NMR	[¹H, ¹H]-TOCSY. Unexported temporarily by An Chi on Oct 15, 2021 until json or nmrML file is generated. 2D NMR Spectrum (experimental)	Spectrum
2D NMR	[¹H, ¹³C]-HSQC NMR Spectrum (2D, 600 MHz, H₂O, experimental)	Spectrum

Pathways

Name	SMPDB/Pathwhiz	KEGG
Transcription/Translation	Not Available	Not Available
Arginine and Proline Metabolism
Prolidase Deficiency (PD)		Not Available
Arginine: Glycine Amidinotransferase Deficiency (AGAT Deficiency)		Not Available
Hyperprolinemia Type II		Not Available

Protein Targets

Enzymes

Protein Name	Gene Name	Locus	Uniprot ID	Details
Prolyl 4-hydroxylase subunit alpha-2	P4HA2	5q31	O15460	details
Pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase 1, mitochondrial	PYCR1	17q25.3	P32322	details
Prolyl 4-hydroxylase subunit alpha-1	P4HA1	10q21.3-q23.1	P13674	details
Pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase 2	PYCR2	1q42.12	Q96C36	details
Bifunctional glutamate/proline--tRNA ligase	EPRS	1q41	P07814	details
Cytosol aminopeptidase	LAP3		P28838	details
Proline dehydrogenase 1, mitochondrial	PRODH	22q11.21	O43272	details
Pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase 3	PYCRL	8q24.3	Q53H96	details
Proline synthase co-transcribed bacterial homolog protein	PROSC	8p11.2	O94903	details
Pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase	P5CR2		Q4W8W1	details
Probable proline dehydrogenase 2	PRODH2	19q13.1	Q9UF12	details
Prolyl 3-hydroxylase 1	LEPRE1	1p34.1	Q32P28	details
Prolyl 3-hydroxylase 2	LEPREL1	3q28	Q8IVL5	details
Prolyl 3-hydroxylase 3	LEPREL2	12q13	Q8IVL6	details
Prolyl 4-hydroxylase subunit alpha-3	P4HA3	11q13.4	Q7Z4N8	details
Egl nine homolog 1	EGLN1	1q42.1	Q9GZT9	details
Egl nine homolog 2	EGLN2	19q13.2	Q96KS0	details
Egl nine homolog 3	EGLN3	14q13.1	Q9H6Z9	details
Transmembrane prolyl 4-hydroxylase	P4HTM	3p21.3	Q9NXG6	details
Trans-L-3-hydroxyproline dehydratase	L3HYPDH	14q23.1	Q96EM0	details
Peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase F, mitochondrial	PPIF	10q22-q23	P30405	details
Peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase A	PPIA	7p13	P62937	details
Peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase B	PPIB	15q21-q22	P23284	details
Peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase G	PPIG	2q31.1	Q13427	details
Probable proline--tRNA ligase, mitochondrial	PARS2	1p32.2	Q7L3T8	details
Peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase H	PPIH	1p34.1	O43447	details

Transporters

Protein Name	Gene Name	Locus	Uniprot ID	Details
Glutamate [NMDA] receptor subunit zeta-1	GRIN1	9q34.3	Q05586	details
Glutamate [NMDA] receptor subunit 3B	GRIN3B	19p13.3	O60391	details
Glutamate [NMDA] receptor subunit epsilon-1	GRIN2A	16p13.2	Q12879	details
Glutamate [NMDA] receptor subunit epsilon-3	GRIN2C	17q25	Q14957	details
Glutamate [NMDA] receptor subunit epsilon-2	GRIN2B	12p12	Q13224	details
Glutamate [NMDA] receptor subunit epsilon-4	GRIN2D	19q13.1-qter	O15399	details
Sodium-dependent proline transporter	SLC6A7	5q32	Q99884	details
Sodium- and chloride-dependent neutral and basic amino acid transporter B(0+)	SLC6A14		Q9UN76	details
Monocarboxylate transporter 10	SLC16A10	6q21-q22	Q8TF71	details
Glutamate [NMDA] receptor subunit 3A	GRIN3A	9q31.1	Q8TCU5	details
Transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily M member 1	TRPM1	15q13.3	Q7Z4N2	details
Glycine receptor subunit alpha-1	GLRA1	5q32	P23415	details
Glycine receptor subunit alpha-2	GLRA2		P23416	details
Glycine receptor subunit alpha-3	GLRA3	4q33-q34	O75311	details
Glycine receptor subunit beta	GLRB	4q31.3	P48167	details

Metal Bindings

Protein Name	Gene Name	Locus	Uniprot ID	Details
Prolyl 4-hydroxylase subunit alpha-2	P4HA2	5q31	O15460	details
Prolyl 4-hydroxylase subunit alpha-1	P4HA1	10q21.3-q23.1	P13674	details
Cytosol aminopeptidase	LAP3		P28838	details
Prolyl 3-hydroxylase 1	LEPRE1	1p34.1	Q32P28	details
Prolyl 3-hydroxylase 2	LEPREL1	3q28	Q8IVL5	details
Prolyl 3-hydroxylase 3	LEPREL2	12q13	Q8IVL6	details
Prolyl 4-hydroxylase subunit alpha-3	P4HA3	11q13.4	Q7Z4N8	details
Egl nine homolog 1	EGLN1	1q42.1	Q9GZT9	details
Egl nine homolog 2	EGLN2	19q13.2	Q96KS0	details
Egl nine homolog 3	EGLN3	14q13.1	Q9H6Z9	details
Transmembrane prolyl 4-hydroxylase	P4HTM	3p21.3	Q9NXG6	details

Receptors

Protein Name	Gene Name	Locus	Uniprot ID	Details
Glutamate [NMDA] receptor subunit zeta-1	GRIN1	9q34.3	Q05586	details
Glutamate [NMDA] receptor subunit 3B	GRIN3B	19p13.3	O60391	details
Glutamate [NMDA] receptor subunit epsilon-1	GRIN2A	16p13.2	Q12879	details
Glutamate [NMDA] receptor subunit epsilon-3	GRIN2C	17q25	Q14957	details
Glutamate [NMDA] receptor subunit epsilon-2	GRIN2B	12p12	Q13224	details
Glutamate [NMDA] receptor subunit epsilon-4	GRIN2D	19q13.1-qter	O15399	details
Glutamate [NMDA] receptor subunit 3A	GRIN3A	9q31.1	Q8TCU5	details
Transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily M member 1	TRPM1	15q13.3	Q7Z4N2	details
Glycine receptor subunit alpha-1	GLRA1	5q32	P23415	details
Glycine receptor subunit alpha-2	GLRA2		P23416	details
Glycine receptor subunit alpha-3	GLRA3	4q33-q34	O75311	details
Glycine receptor subunit beta	GLRB	4q31.3	P48167	details
Egl nine homolog 2	EGLN2	19q13.2	Q96KS0	details

Transcriptional Factors

Protein Name	Gene Name	Locus	Uniprot ID	Details
Egl nine homolog 1	EGLN1	1q42.1	Q9GZT9	details
Egl nine homolog 2	EGLN2	19q13.2	Q96KS0	details
Egl nine homolog 3	EGLN3	14q13.1	Q9H6Z9	details

Concentrations Data

Cannabis Cultivar	Status	Value	Reference	Details
Alien Dawg	Detected and Quantified	1.125 mg/g dry wt	David S. Wishart,...	details
Gabriola	Detected and Quantified	0.345 mg/g dry wt	David S. Wishart,...	details
Island Honey	Detected and Quantified	2.725 mg/g dry wt	David S. Wishart,...	details
Quadra	Detected and Quantified	0.316 mg/g dry wt	David S. Wishart,...	details
Sensi Star	Detected and Quantified	0.604 mg/g dry wt	David S. Wishart,...	details
Tangerine Dream	Detected and Quantified	1.037 mg/g dry wt	David S. Wishart,...	details

External Links

HMDB ID

HMDB0000162

DrugBank ID

DB00172

Phenol Explorer Compound ID

Not Available

FoodDB ID

KNApSAcK ID

Chemspider ID

KEGG Compound ID

BioCyc ID

BiGG ID

Wikipedia Link

METLIN ID

PubChem Compound

145742

PDB ID

Not Available

ChEBI ID

17203

References

General References

Turner CE, Elsohly MA, Boeren EG: Constituents of Cannabis sativa L. XVII. A review of the natural constituents. J Nat Prod. 1980 Mar-Apr;43(2):169-234. doi: 10.1021/np50008a001. [PubMed:6991645 ]
Henzi V, Reichling DB, Helm SW, MacDermott AB: L-proline activates glutamate and glycine receptors in cultured rat dorsal horn neurons. Mol Pharmacol. 1992 Apr;41(4):793-801. [PubMed:1349155 ]
Fichman Y, Gerdes SY, Kovacs H, Szabados L, Zilberstein A, Csonka LN: Evolution of proline biosynthesis: enzymology, bioinformatics, genetics, and transcriptional regulation. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc. 2015 Nov;90(4):1065-99. doi: 10.1111/brv.12146. Epub 2014 Nov 4. [PubMed:25367752 ]
Nadler JV, Wang A, Hakim A: Toxicity of L-proline toward rat hippocampal neurons. Brain Res. 1988 Jul 19;456(1):168-72. doi: 10.1016/0006-8993(88)90358-7. [PubMed:3409032 ]
Mitsubuchi H, Nakamura K, Matsumoto S, Endo F: Inborn errors of proline metabolism. J Nutr. 2008 Oct;138(10):2016S-2020S. doi: 10.1093/jn/138.10.2016S. [PubMed:18806117 ]

Only showing the first 10 proteins. There are 68 proteins in total.

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Enzymes

Enzyme Details

1. Prolyl 4-hydroxylase subunit alpha-2

General function:: Involved in oxidoreductase activity
Specific function:: Catalyzes the post-translational formation of 4-hydroxyproline in -Xaa-Pro-Gly- sequences in collagens and other proteins.
Gene Name:: P4HA2
Uniprot ID:: O15460
Molecular weight:: 60632.19

Enzyme Details

2. Pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase 1, mitochondrial

General function:: Involved in oxidoreductase activity
Specific function:: Housekeeping enzyme that catalyzes the last step in proline biosynthesis. Can utilize both NAD and NADP, but has higher affinity for NAD. Involved in the cellular response to oxidative stress.
Gene Name:: PYCR1
Uniprot ID:: P32322
Molecular weight:: 33360.27

Enzyme Details

3. Prolyl 4-hydroxylase subunit alpha-1

General function:: Involved in oxidoreductase activity
Specific function:: Catalyzes the post-translational formation of 4-hydroxyproline in -Xaa-Pro-Gly- sequences in collagens and other proteins.
Gene Name:: P4HA1
Uniprot ID:: P13674
Molecular weight:: 60966.645

Enzyme Details

4. Pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase 2

General function:: Involved in oxidoreductase activity
Specific function:: Housekeeping enzyme that catalyzes the last step in proline biosynthesis. In some cell types, such as erythrocytes, its primary function may be the generation of NADP(+). Can utilize both NAD and NADP. Has higher affinity for NADP, but higher catalytic efficiency with NADH.
Gene Name:: PYCR2
Uniprot ID:: Q96C36
Molecular weight:: 25867.975

Enzyme Details

5. Bifunctional glutamate/proline--tRNA ligase

General function:: Involved in nucleotide binding
Specific function:: Catalyzes the attachment of the cognate amino acid to the corresponding tRNA in a two-step reaction: the amino acid is first activated by ATP to form a covalent intermediate with AMP and is then transferred to the acceptor end of the cognate tRNA. Component of the GAIT (gamma interferon-activated inhibitor of translation) complex which mediates interferon-gamma-induced transcript-selective translation inhibition in inflammation processes. Upon interferon-gamma activation and subsequent phosphorylation dissociates from the multisynthetase complex and assembles into the GAIT complex which binds to stem loop-containing GAIT elements in the 3'-UTR of diverse inflammatory mRNAs (such as ceruplasmin) and suppresses their translation.
Gene Name:: EPRS
Uniprot ID:: P07814
Molecular weight:: 170589.705

Enzyme Details

6. Cytosol aminopeptidase

General function:: Involved in aminopeptidase activity
Specific function:: Presumably involved in the processing and regular turnover of intracellular proteins. Catalyzes the removal of unsubstituted N-terminal amino acids from various peptides.
Gene Name:: LAP3
Uniprot ID:: P28838
Molecular weight:: Not Available

Enzyme Details

7. Proline dehydrogenase 1, mitochondrial

General function:: Involved in proline dehydrogenase activity
Specific function:: Converts proline to delta-1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate.
Gene Name:: PRODH
Uniprot ID:: O43272
Molecular weight:: 56196.675

Enzyme Details

8. Pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase 3

General function:: Involved in oxidoreductase activity
Specific function:: Not Available
Gene Name:: PYCRL
Uniprot ID:: Q53H96
Molecular weight:: 29892.415

Enzyme Details

9. Proline synthase co-transcribed bacterial homolog protein

General function:: Not Available
Specific function:: Not Available
Gene Name:: PROSC
Uniprot ID:: O94903
Molecular weight:: 30343.7

Enzyme Details

10. Pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase

General function:: Involved in oxidoreductase activity
Specific function:: L-proline + NAD(P)(+) = 1-pyrroline-5- carboxylate + NAD(P)H
Gene Name:: P5CR2
Uniprot ID:: Q4W8W1
Molecular weight:: 33726.4

Transporters

Enzyme Details

1. Glutamate [NMDA] receptor subunit zeta-1

General function:: Involved in ionotropic glutamate receptor activity
Specific function:: NMDA receptor subtype of glutamate-gated ion channels with high calcium permeability and voltage-dependent sensitivity to magnesium. Mediated by glycine. This protein plays a key role in synaptic plasticity, synaptogenesis, excitotoxicity, memory acquisition and learning. It mediates neuronal functions in glutamate neurotransmission. Is involved in the cell surface targeting of NMDA receptors
Gene Name:: GRIN1
Uniprot ID:: Q05586
Molecular weight:: 105371.9

Enzyme Details

2. Glutamate [NMDA] receptor subunit 3B

General function:: Involved in ionotropic glutamate receptor activity
Specific function:: NMDA receptor subtype of glutamate-gated ion channels with reduced single-channel conductance, low calcium permeability and low voltage-dependent sensitivity to magnesium. Mediated by glycine
Gene Name:: GRIN3B
Uniprot ID:: O60391
Molecular weight:: 112991.0

Enzyme Details

3. Glutamate [NMDA] receptor subunit epsilon-1

General function:: Involved in ionotropic glutamate receptor activity
Specific function:: NMDA receptor subtype of glutamate-gated ion channels possesses high calcium permeability and voltage-dependent sensitivity to magnesium. Activation requires binding of agonist to both types of subunits
Gene Name:: GRIN2A
Uniprot ID:: Q12879
Molecular weight:: 165281.2

Enzyme Details

4. Glutamate [NMDA] receptor subunit epsilon-3

General function:: Involved in ionotropic glutamate receptor activity
Specific function:: NMDA receptor subtype of glutamate-gated ion channels with high calcium permeability and voltage-dependent sensitivity to magnesium. Mediated by glycine
Gene Name:: GRIN2C
Uniprot ID:: Q14957
Molecular weight:: 134531.1

Enzyme Details

5. Glutamate [NMDA] receptor subunit epsilon-2

General function:: Involved in ionotropic glutamate receptor activity
Specific function:: NMDA receptor subtype of glutamate-gated ion channels with high calcium permeability and voltage-dependent sensitivity to magnesium. Mediated by glycine
Gene Name:: GRIN2B
Uniprot ID:: Q13224
Molecular weight:: 166365.9

Enzyme Details

6. Glutamate [NMDA] receptor subunit epsilon-4

General function:: Involved in ionotropic glutamate receptor activity
Specific function:: NMDA receptor subtype of glutamate-gated ion channels with high calcium permeability and voltage-dependent sensitivity to magnesium. Mediated by glycine
Gene Name:: GRIN2D
Uniprot ID:: O15399
Molecular weight:: 143750.7

Enzyme Details

7. Sodium-dependent proline transporter

General function:: Involved in neurotransmitter:sodium symporter activity
Specific function:: Terminates the action of proline by its high affinity sodium-dependent reuptake into presynaptic terminals.
Gene Name:: SLC6A7
Uniprot ID:: Q99884
Molecular weight:: 70909.935

Enzyme Details

8. Sodium- and chloride-dependent neutral and basic amino acid transporter B(0+)

General function:: Involved in neurotransmitter:sodium symporter activity
Specific function:: Mediates the uptake of a broad range of neutral and cationic amino acids (with the exception of proline) in a Na(+)/Cl(-)-dependent manner
Gene Name:: SLC6A14
Uniprot ID:: Q9UN76
Molecular weight:: 72152.1

Enzyme Details

9. Monocarboxylate transporter 10

General function:: Involved in transmembrane transport
Specific function:: Sodium-independent transporter that mediates the update of aromatic acid. Can function as a net efflux pathway for aromatic amino acids in the basosolateral epithelial cells
Gene Name:: SLC16A10
Uniprot ID:: Q8TF71
Molecular weight:: 55492.1

Enzyme Details

10. Glutamate [NMDA] receptor subunit 3A

General function:: Involved in ionotropic glutamate receptor activity
Specific function:: NMDA receptor subtype of glutamate-gated ion channels with reduced single-channel conductance, low calcium permeability and low voltage-dependent sensitivity to magnesium. Mediated by glycine. May play a role in the development of dendritic spines. May play a role in PPP2CB-NMDAR mediated signaling mechanism
Gene Name:: GRIN3A
Uniprot ID:: Q8TCU5
Molecular weight:: 125464.1

Only showing the first 10 proteins. There are 68 proteins in total.

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Showing Compound Card for Proline (CDB000105)

Structure for CDB000105 (Proline)

Enzymes

Transporters