1.02020-04-17 18:36:50 UTC2022-12-13 23:36:26 UTCCDB004788BetaineBetaine, also known as Bet or trimethylglycine, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as alpha amino acids. These are amino acids in which the amino group is attached to the carbon atom immediately adjacent to the carboxylate group (alpha carbon). Betaine is a moderately acidic compound (based on its pKa). Betaine exists in all eukaryotes, ranging from yeast to humans. In humans, betaine is involved in betaine metabolism. Betaine is a bland tasting compound. Outside of the human body, Betaine is found, on average, in the highest concentration within a few different foods, such as swamp cabbages, quinoa, and lambsquarters and in a lower concentration in common buckwheats, burdocks, and yellow zucchinis. Betaine has also been detected, but not quantified in, several different foods, such as lemon verbena, wasabis, endives, chickpea, and pomegranates. This could make betaine a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. Intracellular accumulation of betaines permits water retention in cells, thus protecting from the effects of dehydration (Wikipedia). Betaine comes from either the diet or by the oxidation of choline. Betaine, with regard to humans, has been found to be associated with several diseases such as chronic renal failure, colorectal cancer, and alzheimer's disease; betaine has also been linked to several inborn metabolic disorders including argininosuccinic aciduria and propionic acidemia. In an acute toxicology study in rats, death frequently occurred at doses equal to or greater than 10,000 mg/kg. Betaine has been shown to have an inhibitory effect on NO release in activated microglial cells and may be an effective therapeutic component to control neurological disorders (PMID: 22801281). Betaine insufficiency is associated with metabolic syndrome, lipid disorders, and diabetes, and may have a role in vascular and other diseases (PMID: 20346934). Many reports have shown that betaine's therapeutic effectiveness is limited, and does not lower tHcy levels or prevent clinical symptoms . Betaine is expected to be in Cannabis as all living plants are known to produce and metabolize it.(Trimethylammoniumyl)acetate1-Carboxy-N,N,N-trimethylmethanaminium inner salt2-N,N,N-Trimethylammonio acetateAbromineAcidolBetN,N,N-TrimethylammonioacetateN,N,N-TrimethylglycineTrimethylaminoacetateTrimethylammonioacetateTrimethylglycineTrimethylglycocollGlycine betaineCystadane(Trimethylammoniumyl)acetic acid2-N,N,N-Trimethylammonio acetic acidN,N,N-Trimethylammonioacetic acidTrimethylaminoacetic acidTrimethylammonioacetic acid(Carboxymethyl)trimethylammonium hydroxide inner salt(Trimethylammonio)acetate1-Carboxy-N,N,N-trimethyl-methanaminium1-Carboxy-N,N,N-trimethyl-methanaminium hydroxidea-Earleinealpha-EarleineAminocoatBetafinBetafin BCRBetafin BPEktasolve eeFinnStimGlycocoll betaineGlycylbetaineGreenstimLoramine amb 13Loramine amb-13LycineOxyneurineRubrine CTrimethylbetaine glycineAcidin pepsinBeaufour brand OF betaine citrateByk brand OF betaine phosphateFournier brand OF betaine ascorbate and hydrateHydrochloride, betaineLogeais brand OF betaine cyclobutyrateNovobetaineBetaine hydrochlorideBetaine orphan brandBoizot brand OF betaine aspartateC.B.B.Citrate de bétaïne upsaScorbo-bétaïneStea-16Stea16Acidin-pepsinCitrate de bétaïne beaufourOrphan brand OF betaineScorbo bétaïneAcidinPepsinBetaine, glycineHepastylScorbobétaïneUPSA brand OF betaine citrateStea 16BetaineC5H11NO2117.15117.0792-(trimethylazaniumyl)acetate(trimethylammonio)acetate107-43-7C[N+](C)(C)CC([O-])=OInChI=1S/C5H11NO2/c1-6(2,3)4-5(7)8/h4H2,1-3H3KWIUHFFTVRNATP-UHFFFAOYSA-N belongs to the class of organic compounds known as alpha amino acids. These are amino acids in which the amino group is attached to the carbon atom immediately adjacent to the carboxylate group (alpha carbon).Alpha amino acidsOrganic compoundsOrganic acids and derivativesCarboxylic acids and derivativesAmino acids, peptides, and analoguesAliphatic acyclic compoundsAminesCarbonyl compoundsCarboxylic acid saltsCarboxylic acidsHydrocarbon derivativesMonocarboxylic acids and derivativesOrganic oxidesOrganic saltsOrganopnictogen compoundsTetraalkylammonium saltsAliphatic acyclic compoundAlpha-amino acidAmineCarbonyl groupCarboxylic acidCarboxylic acid saltHydrocarbon derivativeMonocarboxylic acid or derivativesOrganic nitrogen compoundOrganic oxideOrganic oxygen compoundOrganic saltOrganonitrogen compoundOrganooxygen compoundOrganopnictogen compoundQuaternary ammonium saltTetraalkylammonium salta methylated methyl acceptoramino-acid betaineglycine derivativewater_solubility611.0 mg/mL at 19 °Cmelting_point293 - 301 °Clogp-2.70logs-1.96logp-4.5pka_strongest_acidic2.26iupac2-(trimethylazaniumyl)acetateaverage_mass117.15mono_mass117.079smilesC[N+](C)(C)CC([O-])=OformulaC5H11NO2inchiInChI=1S/C5H11NO2/c1-6(2,3)4-5(7)8/h4H2,1-3H3inchikeyKWIUHFFTVRNATP-UHFFFAOYSA-Npolar_surface_area40.13refractivity52.82polarizability12.11rotatable_bond_count2acceptor_count2donor_count0physiological_charge0formal_charge0number_of_rings0bioavailability1rule_of_fiveYesghose_filterYesveber_ruleYesmddr_like_ruleYesC00719DB06756FDB00902024224717750C00007291BETAINETrimethylglycine35786287Amiraslani B, Sabouni F, Abbasi S, Nazem H, Sabet M: Recognition of betaine as an inhibitor of lipopolysaccharide-induced nitric oxide production in activated microglial cells. Iran Biomed J. 2012;16(2):84-9. doi: 10.6091/ibj.1012.2012.22801281Lever M, Slow S: The clinical significance of betaine, an osmolyte with a key role in methyl group metabolism. Clin Biochem. 2010 Jun;43(9):732-44. doi: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2010.03.009. Epub 2010 Mar 25.20346934